Synthese spans the topics of Epistemology, Methodology and Philosophy of Science. Coverage includes the theory of knowledge; general methodological problems of science, of induction and probability, ...

Truth diagrams (TDs) are introduced as a novel graphical representation for propositional logic (PL). To demonstrate their epistemic efficacy a set of 28 concepts are proposed that any comprehensive ...

Modal logic, an extension of classical logic, investigates the modes of truth such as necessity and possibility. Its development has been closely intertwined with advances in proof theory, a field ...

From classical logic, the course deals with propositional and first-order inference from both semantic and axiomatic viewpoints. The material on modal logic presents the main modal propositional ...

Aristotle's logic provides the foundation for the dialectical theory of change. The term contradiction is one we will return to in explaining dialectics, and also organisational science and systems ...

From classical logic, the course deals with propositional and first-order inference from both semantic and axiomatic viewpoints, with also some material on first-order theories including celebrated ...