Learn what flow and stock variables mean in simple terms. Understand how income, wealth, GDP, and debt connect through time and why this matters in economics and everyday life.

Investopedia contributors come from a range of backgrounds, and over 25 years there have been thousands of expert writers and editors who have contributed. Covariance indicates the relationship ...

Dependent variables change based on other inputs in financial models, affecting investment outcomes. Independent variables like earnings affect dependent variables, influencing metrics like P/E ratios ...