Test engineers struggle to find the optimum balance between printed-circuit-board (PCB) cost and test coverage. Low coverage leads to excessive field returns, warranty replacements, and even lawsuits.

What methods can be applied to verify PCB functionality and safety? Which are suitable for mass production and for prototypes? What parameters are checked in each test? How to check a PCB without ...

Why are test points a crucial element in developing a successful circuit? Types of test points available, and the different techniques that employ them. Electronic design has always been an endeavor ...

Engineers have long used thermal-cycle testing determine the reliability of PWBs (printed wire boards). Traditionally, engineers have used thermal-cycling ovens, liquid to liquid and fluidized sand, ...