In the evolutionary history of life, the ability of a cell to separate its inner world from the external environment was an important turning point. The so-called plasma membrane lets cells control ...

A plant cell wall is arranged in layers and contains cellulose microfibrils, hemicellulose, pectin, lignin, and soluble protein. These components are organized into three major layers: the primary ...

Membrane proteins are key components of living cells. They constitute one-third of the ORFs of virtually all genomes, perform crucial roles, and are targeted by a huge number of drugs. When present in ...