Sparse early-stage data limits accurate geological risk assessment, increasing the chance of undetected hazards ahead of the TBM. By integrating borehole-derived information through an observation ...

Drought is a naturally occurring climate phenomenon that significantly affects human and environmental activity, and can be considered one of the most widespread and destructive natural disasters.

A new process—the factorial hidden Markov volatility (FHMV) model—is proposed to model financial returns or realized variances. Its dynamics are driven by a latent volatility process specified as a ...