Scientists imagine virtual particles popping in and out of existence to explain how forces transfer between particles. koto_feja/iStock via Getty Images A clever mathematical tool known as virtual ...

The particles that are in an atom: protons, neutrons and electrons The particles that are in protons and neutrons: quarks The four fundamental forces: gravity, electromagnetism, the strong force and ...

Complex plasmas, including dusty plasmas, represent an enthralling state of matter where micron‐sized particles are immersed within an ionised gas. In these systems, the charged microparticles ...

Physicists used a machine-learning method to identify surprising new twists on the non-reciprocal forces governing a many-body system. The journal PNAS published the findings by experimental and ...

(The Conversation is an independent and nonprofit source of news, analysis and commentary from academic experts.) Dipangkar Dutta, Mississippi State University (THE CONVERSATION) A clever mathematical ...

A clever mathematical tool known as virtual particles unlocks the strange and mysterious inner workings of subatomic particles. What happens to these particles within atoms would stay unexplained ...

Dipangkar Dutta receives funding from US Dept. of Energy and NSF. A clever mathematical tool known as virtual particles unlocks the strange and mysterious inner workings of subatomic particles. What ...