In the world of data analysis and statistics, continuous and discrete data play fundamental roles. These two types of quantitative data serve different purposes as people use them to draw valuable ...

Explain why probability is important to statistics and data science. See the relationship between conditional and independent events in a statistical experiment. Calculate the expectation and variance ...

At each sampling time instant, one observes system output and action to form discrete-time rewards. The sampled input-output data are collected along the trajectory of the dynamical system in ...