Difference equations, as discrete analogues of differential equations, form a fundamental mathematical framework for describing systems that evolve incrementally over time or space. Coupled with ...

Difference equations, serving as the discrete analogue to differential equations, have long been a linchpin in the study of dynamic systems. These equations define sequences recursively, and their ...

We survey many old and new results on solutions of the following pair of adjoint differential-difference equations: \begin{align*} \tag{1} up'(u) = - ap(u) - bp(u - 1 ...

This paper considers the estimation of the parameters of general systems of stochastic differential-difference equations in which the lag parameters themselves are treated as unknown and are not ...

Maths Differential Equations Formulas: Calculus comprises a major part of the curriculum of the CBSE Class 12 mathematics course. Several chapters from books 1 and 2 of the NCERT math book cover ...